This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/animal/woolly-mammoth. The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and hunted the species for food. A mammoth had six sets of molars throughout a lifetime, which were replaced five times, though a few specimens with a seventh set are known. Differences were noted in genes for a number of aspects of physiology and biology that would be relevant to Arctic survival, including development of skin and hair, storage and metabolism of adipose tissue, and perceiving temperature. We offer genuine mammoth tusks, chunks and pieces of the prehistoric ivory and bone from Alaska, the Yukon and Siberia. I know that it is pretty much universally hated by the fandom, but the designs from the 2013 walking with dinosaurs movie were very accurate for the time. The woolly mammoth was known for its large size, fur, and imposing tusks. It is estimated that the mammoth had a tusk size of up to seventy-five centimeters. Size 9-14 feet (3.5 meters) at the shoulder. Males stood between nine and 11 feet high at the shoulder and females were slightly smaller8.5-9.5 feet tall at the shoulder. Click to enlarge. These features were not present in juveniles, which had convex backs like Asian elephants. The ears of a woolly mammoth were shorter than the modern elephant's ears. They are also not as common. The closest known relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians (dugongs and manatees) and the hyraxes (an order of small, herbivorous mammals). We are one of North America's premiere dealer of mammoth tusks, offering spectacular specimens from Alaska and Siberia at excellent prices. Some huts had floors that extended 40cm (16in) below ground. A new study has now pushed this record back by 500,000 years, after researchers managed to extract and sequence DNA from three mammoth teeth that range from 700,000 to 1.2 million years old. Sometimes, the replacement was disrupted, and the molars were pushed into abnormal positions, but some animals are known to have survived this. [78], Modern humans co-existed with woolly mammoths during the Upper Palaeolithic period when the humans entered Europe from Africa between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Is there some way to be sure Im buying a 20,000 year old fossil instead of a 200 year old tooth from an elephant? Shop By. Posted September 12, 2011 That is an exceptional tooth with very little wear on the crown and pretty complete roots. The carcass contained well-preserved muscular tissue. This is consistent with a previous observation that mice lacking active TRPV3 are likely to spend more time in cooler cage locations than wild-type mice, and have wavier hair. [17] The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Mammuthus among other proboscideans, based on characteristics of the hyoid bone in the neck:[18] Several Venus figurines, including the Venus of Brassempouy and the Venus of Lespugue, were made from this material. Tusk growth continued throughout life, but became slower as the animal reached adulthood. The expansion identified on the trunk of "Yuka" and other specimens was suggested to function as a "fur mitten"; the trunk tip was not covered in fur, but was used for foraging during winter, and could have been heated by curling it into the expansion. Another possible origin is Estonian, where maa means "earth", and mutt means "mole". Pleistocene ice age woolly Mammoth hair Permafrost fossil not ivory. [133], Apart from frozen remains, the only soft tissue known is from a specimen that was preserved in a petroleum seep in Starunia, Poland. An adult of 6 tons would need to eat 180kg (397lb) daily, and may have foraged as long as 20 hours every day. To a nooby like me, they look a lot alike. Female tusks were smaller and thinner, 1.51.8m (4.95.9ft) and weighing 9kg (20lb). It is the westernmost frozen mammoth found. Genetically, however, the mammoth is very similar to. The molars grew larger and contained more ridges with each replacement. How big are the teeth of a mammoth? [64][146] By cutting a section through a molar and analysing its growth lines, they found that the animal had died at the age of one month. The leg bone once belonged to a Columbian mammoth, a short-haired elephant-like creature that wandered Florida during the Pleistocene era between 2.6 million and 10,000 years ago. "Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths", "Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths", "Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA", "Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (, "Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths", "Megafaunal split ends: microscopical characterisation of hair structure and function in extinct woolly mammoth and woolly rhino", "Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of Woolly Mammoth adaptations to the arctic", "Mammoth Genomes Provide Recipe for Creating Arctic Elephants", "Signals of positive selection in mitochondrial proteincoding genes of woolly mammoth: Adaptation to extreme environments? A 2019 study found that woolly mammoth ivory was the most suitable bony material for the production of big game projectile points during the Late Plesistocene. The maturity of this ingested vegetation places the time of death in autumn rather than in spring, when flowers would be expected. Adult woolly mammoths could effectively defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks and size, but juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as wolves, cave hyenas, and large felines. Woolly mammoths needed a varied diet to support their growth, like modern elephants. [64], In 2012, a juvenile was found in Siberia, which had man-made cut marks. The most common of these was osteoarthritis, found in 2% of specimens. Up until now, the oldest DNA to have been extracted and studied came from a horse that had been frozen in the permafrost for 700,000 years. Several alterations in circadian clock genes were found, perhaps needed to cope with the extreme polar variation in length of daylight. ", "Environmental reconstruction inferred from the intestinal contents of the Yamal baby mammoth Lyuba (, "Baby mammoth find promises breakthrough", "Baby mammoth Lyuba, pristinely preserved, offers scientists rare look into mysteries of Ice Age", "Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging", "Rare mummified baby woolly mammoth with skin and hair found in Canada", The Long Now Foundation Revive and Restore. In this way, most of the weight would have been close to the skull, and less torque would occur than with straight tusks. The finders interpreted this as indicating woolly mammoth blood possessed antifreezing properties. Like their thick coat of fur, their shortened . The isotopic record of the Wrangel Island woolly mammoth population", "Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact", "Process-explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern-oriented validation", "Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: the first human-induced global warming? [80], The southernmost woolly mammoth specimen known is from the Shandong province of China, and is 33,000 years old. With the disappearance of mammoths, birch forests, which absorb more sunlight than grasslands, expanded, leading to regional warming. The tusks may have been used in intraspecies fighting, such as fights over territory or mates. This specimen weighed about 100kg (220lb) at death and was 104cm (41in) high and 115cm (45in) long. [13] Mammoth taxonomy was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards, all species were retained in the genus Mammuthus, and many proposed differences between species were instead interpreted as intraspecific variation. Mammoth tusks dating to the harshest period of the last glaciation 2520,000 years ago show slower growth rates. Because of their curvature, the tusks were unsuitable for stabbing, but may have been used for hitting, as indicated by injuries to some fossil shoulder blades. Woolly mammoths may have used their tusks as shovels to clear snow from the ground and reach the vegetation buried below, and to break ice to drink. The teeth had up to 26 separated ridges of enamel, which were themselves covered in "prisms" that were directed towards the chewing surface. [24] The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from permafrost and another . The "Yukagir mammoth" had ingested plant matter that contained spores of dung fungus. Few specimens show direct, unambiguous evidence of having been hunted by humans. A finder of treasure is entitled to keep it, unless the true owner steps forward. The ridges were wear-resistant to enable the animal to chew large quantities of food, which often contained grit. In 1864, douard Lartet found an engraving of a woolly mammoth on a piece of mammoth ivory in the Abri de la Madeleine cave in Dordogne, France. Sold Incredible Mammoth Jaw from Hungary - 1.9 feet Sold Spectacular Mammoth Tusk from Siberia - 3.83 feet long Sold Woolly Mammoth Upper Jaw with Large Molar - 17 inches Sold Pair of Beautiful Lower Woolly Mammoth Molars from Siberia - 7 inches Sold Blue Mammoth Tusk, Alaska - 9.75' Sold Dark Mammoth Tusk - 56" Sold This name is Latin for "the first-born elephant". Woolly mammoths stood about 3 to 3.7 metres (about 10 to 12 feet) tall and weighed between 5,500 and 7,300 kg (between about 6 and 8 tons). A full-grown woolly mammoth, just one species of the genus Mammuthus, stood 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.5 m) at the shoulder, with a shaggy coat of hair. They grew between eight and 11 feet tall and could weigh approximately 13,000. The woolly mammoth began to diverge from the steppe mammoth about 800,000 years ago in East Asia. Many are certainly known to have been killed in rivers, perhaps through being swept away by floods. This is a complete tooth with rich red colors. It weighs a whopping 11.2 pounds and is nearly a foot long. The largest known male tusk is 4.2m (14ft) long and weighs 91kg (201lb), but 2.42.7m (7.98.9ft) and 45kg (99lb) was a more typical size. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The tail contained 21 vertebrae, whereas the tails of modern elephants contain 2833. A man found a woolly mammoth tooth while on a construction site in the city of Sheldon, Iowa. Remains of various extinct elephants were known by Europeans for centuries, but were generally interpreted, based on biblical accounts, as the remains of legendary creatures such as behemoths or giants. [116] The Wrangel Island mammoths were isolated for 5000 years by rising post-ice-age sea level, and resultant inbreeding in their small population of about 300 to 1000 individuals[117] led to a 20%[118] to 30%[119] loss of heterozygosity, and a 65% loss in mitochondrial DNA diversity. [73], Evidence of several different bone diseases has been found in woolly mammoths. [39] A 2006 study sequenced the Mc1r gene (which influences hair colour in mammals) from woolly mammoth bones. [173][175][176], Siberian mammoth ivory is reported to have been exported to Russia and Europe in the 10th century. Anatomy Very similar to the modern elephant. Only its molars are known, which show that it had 810 enamel ridges. [1][27] The short and tall skulls of woolly and Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) were the culmination of this process. Impressive 10 Pound (4.7 KG) Woolly Mammoth Fossil Tooth Found In Siberia $1,400.00 Free shipping or Best Offer 2 Big Woolly Rhinoceros Fossil Tooth + Roots Omsk Siberia Pleistocene Ice Age Kk $119.00 $14.95 shipping or Best Offer 22" Fossil Woolly Mammoth Tibia Bone 13lb Authentic Ancient Pre-historic OLD $609.99 or Best Offer 20 watching [89] A depiction in the Cave of El Castillo may instead show Palaeoloxodon, the "straight-tusked elephant". HEAVY WOOLLY RHINO tooth 3" Coelodonta antiquitatis mammoth era fossil 23-05. According to multiple Anchorage ivory buyers, the wholesale price for mammoth ivory ranges from roughly $50 per pound to $125 per pound. It's thought woolly rhinos went extinct around 10,000 years ago. How much prehistoric humans relied on woolly mammoth meat is unknown, since many other large herbivores were available. It shows evidence of having been killed by a large predator, and of having been scavenged by humans shortly after. The error was not corrected until 1899, and the correct placement of mammoth tusks was still a matter of debate into the 20th century. Teeth from Britain showed that 2% of specimens had periodontal disease, with half of these containing caries. The resulting offspring would be an elephantmammoth hybrid, and the process would have to be repeated so more hybrids could be used in breeding. [81] The southernmost European remains are from the Depression of Granada in Spain and are of roughly the same age. [166] Another concern is the introduction of unknown pathogens if de-extinction efforts were to succeed. The composition and exact varieties differed from location to location. [36] Though the mammoths on Wrangel Island were smaller than those of the mainland, their size varied, and they were not small enough to be considered "island dwarfs". The population of woolly mammoths declined at the end of the Pleistocene, disappearing throughout most of its mainland range, although isolated populations survived on St. Paul Island until 5,600 years ago, on Wrangel Island until 4,000 years ago, and possibly (based on ancient eDNA) in the Yukon up to 5,700 years ago and on the Taymyr Peninsula up to 3,900 years ago. A fantastic, top quality, Mammuthus primigenius, Wooly Mammoth tooth from Siberia . This tooth is suspected to be over 20,000 years old. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing and inserted back into a female elephant. [133] Despite the rewards, native Yakuts were also reluctant to report mammoth finds to the authorities due to bad treatment of them in the past. [157], Several projects are working on gradually replacing the genes in elephant cells with mammoth genes. Similar accumulations of woolly mammoth bones have been found; these are thought to be the result of individuals dying near or in the rivers over thousands of years, and their bones eventually being brought together by the streams. [5][139] This was one of the first attempts at reconstructing the skeleton of an extinct animal. In one location, by the Byoryolyokh River in Yakutia in Siberia, more than 8,000 bones from at least 140 mammoths have been found in a single spot, apparently having been swept there by the current. SHELDON, Iowa (KCAU) A woolly mammoth tooth was found in early March on the property owned by Northwest Iowa Community College (NCC) in Sheldon. [39], Other characteristic features depicted in cave paintings include a large, high, single-domed head and a sloping back with a high shoulder hump; this shape resulted from the spinous processes of the back vertebrae decreasing in length from front to rear. According to Ohio . Petr Bucinsky, the owner of Petr's violin shop in Anchorage, looked at a photo of the tusk and said it would be roughly worth $70 per pound. The teeth sometimes had cancerous growths. [133], In 1977, the well-preserved carcass of a seven- to eight-month-old woolly mammoth calf named "Dima" was discovered. Pres. The elephant ivory problem. Before this, Neanderthals had co-existed with mammoths during the Middle Palaeolithic and already used mammoth bones for tool-making and building materials. [183] Bernard Heuvelmans included the possibility of residual populations of Siberian mammoths in his 1955 book, On The Track Of Unknown Animals; while his book was a systematic investigation into possible unknown species, it became the basis of the cryptozoology movement.[186]. When inserted into human cells, the mammoth's version of the protein was found to be less sensitive to heat than the elephant's. [181] In 2011, the Chinese palaeontologist Lida Xing livestreamed while eating meat from a Siberian mammoth leg (thoroughly cooked and flavoured with salt) and told his audience it tasted bad and like soil. Woolly Mammoth Fossil tooth with roots. [25] In 2012, proteins were confidently identified for the first time, collected from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth. Updates? [104][105], A small population of woolly mammoths survived on St. Paul Island, Alaska, well into the Holocene[106][107][108] with the most recently published date of extinction being 5,600 years B.P. Soft tissue apparently was less likely to be preserved between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago, perhaps because the climate was milder during that period. [169][170] Woolly mammoth tusks had been articles of trade in Asia long before Europeans became acquainted with them. [26], Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities, reconstructing the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies is possible. Natural traps, such as kettle holes, sink holes, and mud, have trapped mammoths in separate events over time. [52][50], Woolly mammoths had four functional molar teeth at a timetwo in the upper jaw and two in the lower. [21] African elephants (Loxodonta africana) branched away from this clade around 6 million years ago, close to the time of the similar split between chimpanzees and humans. Elephant tusks are mostly made up of dentine - the same material that makes up human teeth. Several specimens have healed bone fractures, showing that the animals had survived these injuries. Mammoths were present in this area during the Late Pleistocene Ice Age. Largest European specimen, a male at Sdostbayerisches Naturkunde- und Mammut-Museum, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:55. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths with small or no tusks, but whether this reflected reality or was artistic license is unknown. [8] In 1828, the British naturalist Joshua Brookes used the name Mammuthus borealis for woolly mammoth fossils in his collection that he put up for sale, thereby coining a new genus name. The two groups are speculated to be divergent enough to be characterised as subspecies. The family Elephantidae existed 6 million years ago in Africa and includes the modern elephants and the mammoths. [61] Isotope analysis shows that woolly mammoths fed mainly on C3 plants, unlike horses and rhinos. A male woolly mammoth's shoulder height was 9 to 11 feet tall and weighed around 6 tons. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The web has lots of commentary on mammoth vs mastodon, . [22] A 2010 study confirmed these relationships, and suggested the mammoth and Asian elephant lineages diverged 5.87.8 million years ago, while African elephants diverged from an earlier common ancestor 6.68.8 million years ago. The study also found that genetic adaptations to cold environments, such as hair growth and fat deposits, were already present in the steppe mammoth lineage and were not unique to woolly mammoths.[33][34]. [66][67], The lifespan of mammals is related to their size, and since modern elephants can reach the age of 60 years, the same is thought to be true for woolly mammoths, which were of a similar size. The earliest European mammoth has been named M. rumanus; it spread across Europe and China. Their fur may have helped in spreading the scent further. Omissions? Sloane was the first to recognise that the remains belonged to elephants. Females reached 2.62.9m (8.59.5ft) in shoulder heights and weighed up to 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This tooth is a manageable size for most collectors at 5-1/4" x 4-1/2 straight line measurement. [82][83] DNA studies have helped determine the phylogeography of the woolly mammoth. Dark bands correspond to summers, so determining the season in which a mammoth died is possible. [53] The woolly mammoth is considered to have had the most complex molars of any elephant.[50]. Display of the large tusks of males could have been used to attract females and to intimidate rivals. [125] In contrast, the St. Paul Island mammoth population apparently died out before human arrival because of habitat shrinkage resulting from the post-ice age sea-level rise,[125] perhaps in large measure as a result of a consequent reduction in the freshwater supply. When did the saber tooth tiger go extinct? Mastodon teeth had cone-shaped cusps built for a tough plant-based diet. [138] While in Yakutsk in 1806, Michael Friedrich Adams heard about the frozen mammoth. A woolly mammoth tooth weighs about 2.5 kilograms. Mammoths are closely related to present-day Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and these groups broke away from their last common ancestor about six million years ago. Is a mammoth an elephant? The woolly mammoth tooth has been put up for auction on eBay, where it has already received over 50 bids. [182], There have been occasional claims that the woolly mammoth is not extinct and that small, isolated herds might survive in the vast and sparsely inhabited tundra of the Northern Hemisphere. [71], The best-preserved head of a frozen adult specimen, that of a male nicknamed the "Yukagir mammoth", shows that woolly mammoths had temporal glands between the ear and the eye. Nice Woolly Mammoth Fossil tooth. [3] Sloane turned to another biblical explanation for the presence of elephants in the Arctic, asserting that they had been buried during the Great Flood, and that Siberia had previously been tropical before a drastic climate change. Regional and intermediate species and subspecies such as M. intermedius, M. chosaricus, M. p. primigenius, M. p. jatzkovi, M. p. sibiricus, M. p. fraasi, M. p. leith-adamsi, M. p. hydruntinus, M. p. astensis, M. p. americanus, M. p. compressus and M. p. alaskensis have been proposed. Its release was confirmed in the Fossil Isle Excavation Event, which started on October 2, 2020. A newborn calf would have weighed about 90kg (200lb). The expansion could be used to melt snow if a shortage of water to drink existed, as melting it directly inside the mouth could disturb the thermal balance of the animal. [97] A site near the Yana River in Siberia has revealed several specimens with evidence of human hunting, but the finds were interpreted to show that the animals were not hunted intensively, but perhaps mainly when ivory was needed. The colour of the coat varied from dark to light. It had long, curved tusks and four molars, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. [140][141], The 1901 excavation of the "Berezovka mammoth" is the best documented of the early finds. The largest mammoth tusk ever found is a tusk that was found in Siberia. [137] In more recent years, scientific expeditions have been devoted to finding carcasses instead of relying solely on chance encounters. [103] Most populations disappeared between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. [40] In 2019, a group of researchers managed to obtain signs of biological activity after transferring nuclei of "Yuka" into mouse oocytes. with great ROOTS preserved!36. It is one of the best-preserved mammoths ever found due to the almost complete head, covered in skin, but without the trunk. Many taxa intermediate between M. primigenius and other mammoths have been proposed, but their validity is uncertain; depending on author, they are either considered primitive forms of an advanced species or advanced forms of a primitive species. Will cloning bring the woolly mammoth back to life? Scientists are divided over whether hunting or climate change, which led to the shrinkage of its habitat, was the main factor that contributed to the extinction of the woolly mammoth, or whether it was due to a combination of the two. Height; 4 metres high at the shoulder. The feature was shown to be present in two other specimens, of different sexes and ages. Several carcasses have been lost because they were not reported, and one was fed to dogs. Some postcranial remains were found, some with soft tissue. Adams recovered the entire skeleton, apart from the tusks, which Shumachov had already sold, and one foreleg, most of the skin, and nearly 18kg (40lb) of hair. [48], Woolly mammoths had very long tusks (modified incisor teeth), which were more curved than those of modern elephants. Mammoths are not elephants. Elephants are hunted by poachers for their ivory, but if this could instead be supplied by the already extinct mammoths, the demand could instead be met by these. Some accumulations are thought to be the remains of herds that died together at the same time, perhaps due to flooding. The bases of the huts were circular, and ranged from 8 to 24 square metres (86 to 258sqft). Honestly they look more like designs from the late 2010s compared to the general consensus at the time The oldest preserved mammoth DNA, which also has the distinction of being the oldest knownanimalDNA, dates back to more than one million years ago and may belong to a direct ancestor of the woolly mammoth. A mound of fat, which served as an energy and water reserve, was present as a hump on the back. $175.00 + $25.00 shipping. The Taymyr Peninsula, with its drier habitat, may have served as a refugium for the mammoth steppe, supporting mammoths and other widespread Ice Age mammals such as wild horses (Equus sp.). Woolly mammoths sustained themselves on plant food, mainly grasses and sedges, which were supplemented with herbaceous plants, flowering plants, shrubs, mosses, and tree matter. Justin Blauwet found the. Other notable caves with mammoth depictions are the Chauvet Cave, Les Combarelles Cave, and Font-de-Gaume. Males reached shoulder heights between 2.7 and 3.4 m (8.9 and 11.2 ft) and weighed up to 6 tons (6.6 short tons). The different species and their intermediate forms have been termed "chronospecies". The sheaths of the tusks were parallel and spaced closely. The time and resources required would be enormous, and the scientific benefits would be unclear, suggesting these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered. [6], In 1796, French biologist Georges Cuvier was the first to identify the woolly mammoth remains not as modern elephants transported to the Arctic, but as an entirely new species. [10] It may be a version of mehemot, the Arabic version of the biblical word "behemoth". The largest collection of portable mammoth art, consisting of 62 depictions on 47 plaques, was found in the 1960s at an excavated open-air camp near Gnnersdorf in Germany. The woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, is an extinct herbivore related to elephants who trudged across the steppe-tundras of Eurasia and North America from around 300,000 years ago until their numbers seriously dropped from around 11,000 years ago. Its organs and skin are very well preserved. Such meat apparently was once recommended against illness in China, and Siberian natives have occasionally cooked the meat of frozen carcasses they discovered. Im shopping for a mammoth tooth online, where I have no way of assessing the seller. [46] A 2011 study showed that light individuals would have been rare. Oddly enough, though, these monstrous teeth were surprisingly brittle and easily broken, and were often . [39] The well-preserved trunk of a juvenile specimen nicknamed "Yuka" was described in 2015, and it was shown to possess a fleshy expansion a third above the tip. [4], Others interpreted Sloane's conclusion slightly differently, arguing the flood had carried elephants from the tropics to the Arctic. The analysis showed that the woolly mammoth and the African elephant are 98.55% to 99.40% identical. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Gyk, the 13th-century Khan of the Mongols, is reputed to have sat on a throne made from mammoth ivory. Morphological and genetic studies suggest that woolly mammoths evolved from steppe mammoths (Mammuthus trogontherii) between about 800,000 and 600,000 years ago in Asia. In most cases, the flesh showed signs of decay before its freezing and later desiccation. They were thought to be remains of modern elephants that had been brought to Europe during the Roman Republic, for example the war elephants of Hannibal and Pyrrhus of Epirus, or animals that had wandered north. Frozen remains of woolly mammoths have been found in the northern parts of Siberia and Alaska, with far fewer finds in the latter. Show per page. These carcasses are so well preserved that sled dogs have been fed thawed woolly mammoth meat dating to more than 30,000 years ago, and fossil mammothivorywas previously so abundant that it was exported from Siberia to China and Europe frommedievaltimes.
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