Localizing alpha-helices in human tropoelastin: assembly of the elastin puzzle. Approximately 90% of tropoelastins lysines undergo modification and/or participate in cross-links, indicating that mature elastin is extensively cross-linked (Kozel et al., 2003; Schmelzer et al., 2019). Proc. (2018). Developmental changes of tropoelastin synthesis by rat pulmonary fibroblasts and effects of dexamethasone. Multiple copies of the tropoelastin protein attach to one another and are processed to form a mature protein called elastin. (2009). 250, 9298. Bull. Sci. U.S.A. 115, 73387343. 84, 6880. 258, 118. 3, 28322844. Evidence for the presence of alpha-aminoadipic acid delta-semialdehyde and its aldol condensation product. Hogan Lovells represented Elastagen Pty Ltd. on the deal. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.02.006, Phinikaridou, A., Lacerda, S., Lavin, B., Andia, M. E., Smith, A., Saha, P., et al. Domains 2736 make up tropoelastins foot, which are labeled as such due to their spatial arrangement, forming an almost claw-like component of the molecule. Shape of tropoelastin, the highly extensible protein that controls human tissue elasticity. Of most importance, the inability to acquire large quantities of pure tropoelastin historically presented a significant obstacle to experimentally characterizing its structure. The evolutionary background and functional consequences of the rs2071307 polymorphism in human tropoelastin. 25, 10231029. Thus, the current computational model unifies the global and regional characteristics of tropoelastin, inferring mechanisms that complement observed experimental phenomena. Chem. Figure 2. doi: 10.1021/bi9707133, MacEwan, S. R., Weitzhandler, I., Hoffmann, I., Genzer, J., Gradzielski, M., and Chilkoti, A. Am. Hailed as a giant leap forward in hair rejuvenation, NULASTIN transforms the look of eyelashes up to 120% thicker and 61% longer. Inflammatory destruction of elastic fibers in acquired cutis laxa is associated with missense alleles in the elastin and fibulin-5 genes. (1965). Int. 10:034102. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034102, Hinek, A., Keeley, F. W., and Callahan, J. Such models could be used in conjunction with the full molecular model of tropoelastin to examine the self-assembly of discrete regions to understand the impacts of amino acid substitutions in disease. Baul, U., Bley, M., and Dzubiella, J. Mater. J. Biol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1801205115, Tarakanova, A., Yeo, G. C., Baldock, C., Weiss, A. S., and Buehler, M. J. The ability to stretch and recoil arises from the biochemical properties of elastins monomer, tropoelastin (discussed below). An electron microscopic study. Allergan Snaps Up Sydney Biotech for Upfront Payment of US $95M Biochemistry 45, 95189530. Chem. Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00098-3, Duca, L., Blanchevoye, C., Cantarelli, B., Ghoneim, C., Dedieu, S., Delacoux, F., et al. Elastin: Structure, Function, Skin Care & Supplements - Cleveland Clinic Med. The business could generate net sales of approximately $7 to $8 billion in 2025 from $3.8 billion in 2017. 167, 94103. J. Mol. Domains in tropoelastin that mediate elastin deposition in vitro and in vivo. With leaps in the improvement of cryogenic electron microscopy to characterize flexible molecules, we predict that this approach will contribute to a deeper understanding of tropoelastin structure and self-assembly in the context of endogenous fiber formation and biomaterials fabrication. Elastin makes up the majority of elastic fibers and is formed by the hierarchical assembly of its monomer, tropoelastin. Adv. Dissection of human tropoelastin: solution structure, dynamics and self-assembly of the exon 5 peptide. Elastin as a random-network elastomer: a mechanical and optical analysis of single elastin fibers. Elastin synthesis in arterial smooth muscle cell culture. IRVING, Texas (AP) IRVING, Texas (AP) Fluor Corp. (FLR) on Tuesday reported fourth-quarter net income of $9 million, after reporting a loss in the same period a year earlier. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00719-1, Muiznieks, L. D., Reichheld, S. E., Sitarz, E. E., Miao, M., and Keeley, F. W. (2015). doi: 10.1007/s10973-014-4254-9, Debelle, L., and Tamburro, A. M. (1999). 270, 1777817783. Lysinonorleucine. Biochem. doi: 10.1111/febs.14929, Hinderer, S., Shena, N., Ringuette, L. J., Hansmann, J., Reinhardt, D. P., Brucker, S. Y., et al. Elastin binding protein (EBP) is a splice variant of -galactosidase, that recognizes the repetitive hydrophobic sequences (VGVAPG) of tropoelastin (Tajima et al., 1997). Biol. This process is reversible and thermodynamically controlled and does not require protein cleavage. Codistribution analysis of elastin and related fibrillar proteins in early vertebrate development. 150, 154162. 13, 739743. More recently, it has been demonstrated that KA domains consist of random coil content prior to self-assembly and become more ordered as molecules aggregate, marrying the observations discussed above into a cohesive model within the context of assembly and the requirements of higher-order structures (Reichheld et al., 2014). The hydrophobic domains vary in length, with the majority of the shorter (95 residues) domains occurring near the N-terminus, while the longer (up to 55 residues) domains are found within tropoelastins central and C-terminal regions (Indik et al., 1989). The computational model uncovered the contributions of each molecular region to the flexibility of the molecule. Elastin combines with microfibrils to form elastic fibers that provide stretch and recoil to the skin. Pepe, A., Flamia, R., Guerra, D., Quaglino, D., Bochicchio, B., Pasquali Ronchetti, I., et al. 85, 593605. In addition to its involvement in molecular elasticity, the flexibility of tropoelastin also a key requirement for self-assembly into elastin, with mutations that perturb this having detrimental effects on tissue (Yeo et al., 2016, 2017). Tropoelastin is encoded by the ELN gene, which is present in all vertebrates except jawless fish (Chung et al., 2006). doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700047, Indik, Z., Yeh, H., Ornstein-Goldstein, N., Kucich, U., Abrams, W., Rosenbloom, J. C., et al. Computational smart polymer design based on elastin protein mutability. J. Biol. Annabi, N., Zhang, Y. N., Assmann, A., Sani, E. S., Cheng, G., Lassaletta, A. D., et al. Additionally, coarse-graining the full-atomistic model has allowed for the examination of mesoscale tropoelastin assembly and, in particular, deciphered the orientation of tropoelastin molecules that occurs during early stage assembly (inset image) (Tarakanova et al., 2019a). Nature 437, 9991002. For more information, visit Elastagens website atwww.elastagen.com. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.020, Myers, B., Dubick, M., Last, J. In vitro elastogenesis: instructing human vascular smooth muscle cells to generate an elastic fiber-containing extracellular matrix scaffold. Elastagen is an exciting clinical-stage company with an advanced tissue repair platform based on tropoelastin. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.029, Rodgers, U. R., and Weiss, A. S. (2004). Soluble matrix protein is a potent modulator of mesenchymal stem cell performance. For many years it was difficult to study tropoelastin at an atomic scale, but the application of computational methods, such as full-atomistic molecular dynamics and elastic network models, in combination with powerful low-resolution structural studies, have expanded the field and delivered an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to self-assembly. 26, 524540. Trifluoroethanol promotes helix formation by destabilizing backbone exposure: desolvation rather than native hydrogen bonding defines the kinetic pathway of dimeric coiled coil folding. Sci. Biochim. Biol. Biophys. Tropoelastin has 2 alternating domains: (1) hydrophilic, cross-linked, domains rich in Lys and Ala; and (2) hydrophobic domains (responsible for elasticity) rich in Val, Pro, and Gly, which often occur in repeats of VPGVG or VGGVG. Molecular dynamics modeling of aggregating tropoelastin-derived peptide chains points to the maintenance of a hydrated, disordered, liquid-like state due to the formation of short-lived inter-chain bonds (Rauscher and Pomes, 2017; Reichheld et al., 2020), mostly likely due to the inducement of random coils by PG repeats (vide supra). J. Pathol. Acta 303, 363369. Cell Biol. Tropoelastin is secreted as a 6070 kDa protein to the cell surface where it participates in self-assembly (Hinek and Rabinovitch, 1994; Figure 3). 79, 277284. More surprisingly, tropoelastins cross-linking domains are also capable of similar transitions between ordered and disordered structures. Identification of an elastin cross-linking domain that joins three peptide chains. Engineering a highly elastic human protein-based sealant for surgical applications. 120, 419426. Parameter, Testing, and Method. Healthcare Investment Banking - The Walden Group Res. Perturbation of either of these components greatly reduces tropoelastins ability to self-assemble in vitro and interact with the microfibril scaffold of elastic fibers (Nonaka et al., 2014), indicating that an intact domain 36 is required for correct assembly. 33, 54685481. Structure 14, 16671676. Biochim. For Elastagen contact: Robert Daniels, CEO +61 2 9209 4054. Proc. Further to this, the current model of elastin assembly does not account for how long strings or sheets of tropoelastin are capable of forming spherules on a macroscopic scale (Tu et al., 2010). Dominant driving factors of assembly were examined, including water, temperature and domain pair orientations. (2017). (2012). J. Struct. Figure 1. Overview of the computational and experimental methodologies that have recently contributed to our understanding of elastic fiber assembly. Allergan's Acquisition of Elastagen - Global Legal Chronicle Elastin is highly hydrophobic, extensively cross-linked, and is assembled into elastic fibers in a dynamic process involving cells, cell surface receptors, and numerous elastic fiber . doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.10.003, Yeo, G. C., Tarakanova, A., Baldock, C., Wise, S. G., Buehler, M. J., and Weiss, A. S. (2016). doi: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00082-7, Tajima, S., Wachi, H., Uemura, Y., and Okamoto, K. (1997). doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(65)90015-8, He, D., Chung, M., Chan, E., Alleyne, T., Ha, K. C. H., Miao, M., et al. J. Biol. Indeed, cryo-EM was recently reported to have a lower molecular size limit of approximately 50 kDa, however, it has not yet been successfully applied to characterize tropoelastin (Murata and Wolf, 2018). FEBS J. Natl. U.S.A. 110, 28522857. 28, 379382. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1014280108. Rep. 8, 116. Elastin-like polypeptides as models of intrinsically disordered proteins. Cell Biol. This model revealed that tropoelastin maintains a canonical or average structure based on the distribution of its possible conformations in spite of its flexible nature (Figure 2), as well as the possible roles that local structures play in biological processes, specifically, elastogenesis (Tarakanova et al., 2019b). Dermatol. Hydrophobic domains of human tropoelastin interact in a context-dependent manner. Tropoelastin cannot readily be prepared in quantity from natural sources and this has limited research in several important areas including structure/function relationships and fiber assembly. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.08.005, Wise, S. G., and Weiss, A. S. (2009). HS, which is present on cell surface proteoglycans (syndecans and glypicans), interacts strongly with tropoelastin (Cain et al., 2005). (2006). Biochimie 86, 173178. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3901, Baldock, C., Oberhauser, A. F., Ma, L., Lammie, D., Siegler, V., Mithieux, S. M., et al. With commercial operations in approximately 100 countries, Allergan is committed to working with physicians, healthcare providers and patients to deliver innovative and meaningful treatments that help people around the world live longer, healthier lives every day. Comparative genomics of elastin: sequence analysis of a highly repetitive protein. Am. Commun. (2020). into 200 nm then 12 m spherules, which eventually grow and stabilize into spherules 26 m in diameter (Clarke et al., 2006; Kozel et al., 2006; Tu and Weiss, 2010; Tu et al., 2010). Proc. U.S.A. 112, E4408E4415. J. Natl. The smooth muscle cell. The isoform-function theory is further reinforced by the presence of two different ELN genes within teleosts that are differentially expressed both spatially and temporally during development (Miao et al., 2007). Biopolymers [Epub ahead of print]. 266, 308314. The prevention of early self-aggregation in vitro is thought to be mediated by chaperone proteins (Hinek and Rabinovitch, 1994; Miao et al., 2013). Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly. doi: 10.1038/nature06669, Cox, B. Elastagen's technology is based on human tropoelastin . (2019a). Elastagen's revolutionary recombinant human tropoelastin, is identical to that present in human tissue and has many clinical applications, including effective breakthrough treatments for acne scars, stretch marks, aesthetic skin repair and wound repair. Clinical Relevance of Elastin in the Structure and Function of Skin Injectable biomaterial compositions formed from tropoelastin for tissue repair and restoration. Differential expression of two tropoelastin genes in zebrafish. 21:063001. doi: 10.1088/0965-0393/21/6/063001, Tarakanova, A., Huang, W., Weiss, A. S., Kaplan, D. L., and Buehler, M. J. Trends Biotechnol. It is likely that, as a general rule, integrin binding to tropoelastin is mediated via GAGs, which is facilitated by the repetition of tropoelastins primary sequence and the surface exposure of positively charged similar domains (Lee et al., 2017; Bochicchio et al., 2021). Closer to the base of the molecule, the flexible hinge region between domains 21 and 23 presented with a scissors-like bending, which is now believed to contribute to elasticity and multimeric assembly through enhanced conformational space sampling (Tarakanova et al., 2019b). Biopolymers 29, 16991706. 281, 2375723765. The hydrophobic domains have been extensively studied and are responsible for facilitating tropoelastins ability to self-assemble (Vrhovski et al., 1997; Toonkool et al., 2001). Even after being able to produce recombinant tropoelastin at scales suited to characterization studies, traditional techniques have not yet produced an experimentally verified atomistic structure (Martin et al., 1995; Tarakanova and Buehler, 2013). For example, models involving single point mutations at negatively charged residues demonstrated both regional and global destabilization of tropoelastins structure, which were validated by SAXS structures (Yeo et al., 2012; Tarakanova et al., 2018). Biochemistry 8, 28372845. 25, 492504. The SAXS/SANS global shape of tropoelastin (Baldock et al., 2011) has been used to validate the full-atomistic computational model of tropoelastin through a geometric and topological comparison (Tarakanova et al., 2018). More recently, the computational model of tropoelastin has been leveraged to characterize higher-order structures and probe self-assembly (Tarakanova et al., 2019a). Tropoelastin. Tropoelastins hydrophobic domains are primarily responsible for facilitating coacervation (Tamburro et al., 1992; Miao et al., 2003; Muiznieks et al., 2003). Coacervation of tropoelastin. Allergans success is powered by our global colleagues commitment to being Bold for Life. 34, 8190. Plus 2:100002. doi: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.03.001, Parks, W. C., Roby, J. D., Wu, L. C., and Grosso, L. E. (1992). (2006). doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.004322, Shapiro, S., Endicott, S., Province, M., Pierce, J., and Campbell, E. (1991). Scientists find way to heal scars left behind by heart attacks Mol. Isolation and characterization of human elastin cDNAs, and age-associated variation in elastin gene expression in cultured skin fibroblasts. Elastagen is creating injectables using recombinant human tropelastin, a substance that's crucial for producing elastin fibers in the skin. Proline-poor hydrophobic domains modulate the assembly and material properties of polymeric elastin. Advanced BioMatrix - Recombinant Tropoelastin, Lyophilized #5052 A., Torres, A. R., Alvarez, V. L., and Janata, J. 293, 1510715119. Chem. (2003). Cell Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.02.005, Martin, S. L., Vrhovski, B., and Weiss, A. S. (1995). doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.11.003, Urban, Z., Hucthagowder, V., Schrmann, N., Todorovic, V., Zilberberg, L., Choi, J., et al. Allergan markets a portfolio of leading brands and best-in-class products for the central nervous system, eye care, medical aesthetics and dermatology, gastroenterology, womens health, urology and anti-infectivetherapeutic categories. Mater. Elastin synthesis and fiber assembly. A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ELAPR002f in Females and Males With Non-polar residues are a major contributor to protein folding, as their unfavorable interactions with water drive them to bury into the protein core, however, as tropoelastin is comprised of numerous hydrophobic domains, it has been demonstrated that many of these domains will be at least partially solvent exposed (Dyksterhuis et al., 2007). 58, 270277. On a per-share basis, the Irving, Texas-based company said it had profit of 1 cent. Elastin, arterial mechanics, and cardiovascular disease Vallet, S. D., Miele, A. E., Uciechowska-Kaczmarzyk, U., Liwo, A., Duclos, B., Samsonov, S. A., et al. Model. Fazio, M. J., Olsen, D. R., Kuivaniemi, H., Chu, M. L., Davidson, J. M., Rosenbloom, J., et al. Bochicchio, B., Yeo, G. C., Lee, P., Emul, D., Pepe, A., Laezza, A., et al. J. Biol. Free energy determinants of secondary structure formation: I. alpha-Helices. Res. Interestingly, the location and orientation of different domains that contacted each other during self-assembly was noted to be heterogeneous, resulting in head-to-head, tail-to-tail, head-to-tail, and lateral interactions (Tarakanova et al., 2019a). AW gratefully acknowledges NHMRC funding (Ref: 1195827). Chem. doi: 10.1083/jcb.126.2.563, Hu, Q., Reymond, J. L., Pinel, N., Zabot, M. T., and Urban, Z. For Allergan, contact: Lisa Brown 1-862-261-7320, 1985 - 2023 BioSpace.com. Latent TGF- binding protein 4 promotes elastic fiber assembly by interacting with fibulin-5. Sci. doi: 10.1002/bip.23007, Miao, M., Stahl, R. J., Petersen, L. F., Reintsch, W. E., Davis, E. C., and Keeley, F. W. (2009). Coacervation is an endothermic, entropically favorable process through which tropoelastin monomers self-assemble into higher order n-mer structures.
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